_I feel I do not have much to be proud of._I am able to do things as well as other people._All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failure (R)._I feel that I have a number of good qualities._I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on any equal base with others.Please rate yourself on the following items by writing a number in the blank before each statement, where youġ = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Agree 4 = Strongly Agree Higher numbers on the scale indicate higher self-esteem, and the average score for college students who complete the scale is about 3 on a 1 to 4 scale, demonstrating that by and large, people have high self-esteem. One common self-report measure of self-esteem is the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Self-esteem can be measured using both explicit and implicit measures, and both approaches find that people tend to view themselves positively. When we have failed, done something harmful, or feel that we have been ignored or criticized, the negative aspects of the self-concept are more accessible and we experience low self-esteem. When we have succeeded at an important task, when we have done something that we think is useful or important, or when we feel that we are accepted and valued by others, our self-concept will contain many positive thoughts and we will therefore have high self-esteem. But our self-esteem is also a state that varies day to day and even hour to hour. Self-esteem is in part a trait that is stable over time, such that some people have relatively high self-esteem and others have lower self-esteem. Our self-esteem is determined by many factors, including how well we view our own performance, our own appearance, and how satisfied we are with our relationships with other people (Tafarodi & Swann, 1995). We experience the negative feelings of low self-esteem when we believe that we are inadequate and less worthy than others. We experience the positive feelings of high self-esteem when we believe that we are good and worthy and that others view us positively. Self-esteem refers to the positive (high self-esteem) or negative (low self-esteem) feelings that we have about ourselves. Self-Esteem Is Our Positive or Negative Attitude Toward Ourselves
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